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فإن نطقت بخيـر فهو لشخصك إحسانا . . . وإن نطقت بشر فهو على شخصك نكرانا

وإن بقيت بين إخوانك فنحـن لك أعوانـا . . . وإن غادرت فنحن لك ذاكرين فلا تنسـانــا


منتدى شباب جامعة إب
نـثر مـرورك في الــدرب زهـراً وريحانـا . . . وفاح عبــق اســــمك بوجـودك الفتــانـــا

فإن نطقت بخيـر فهو لشخصك إحسانا . . . وإن نطقت بشر فهو على شخصك نكرانا

وإن بقيت بين إخوانك فنحـن لك أعوانـا . . . وإن غادرت فنحن لك ذاكرين فلا تنسـانــا


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منتدى شباب جامعة إب منتدى ,علمي ,ثقافي ,ادبي ,ترفيهي, يضم جميع اقسام كليات الجامعة وكذا يوفر الكتب والمراجع والدراسات والابحاث التي يحتاجها الطالب في دراسته وابحاثه وكذا يفتح ابواب النقاش وتبادل المعلومات والمعارف بين الطلاب. كما اننا نولي ارائكم واقتراحاتكم اهتمامنا المتواصل . يمكنكم ارسال اقتراحاتكم الى ادارة المنتدى او كتابتها في قسم الاقتراحات والشكاوى

 

 Antibiotics

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كاتب الموضوعرسالة
Arwa Alshoaibi
مشرفـة عـامـة
مشرفـة عـامـة
Arwa Alshoaibi


كيف تعرفت علينا : ............
الكــلــيــة : ........
القسم ( التخصص ) : .......
السنة الدراسية (المستوى الدراسي) : .......
الجنس : انثى
عدد الرسائل : 12959
العمر : 35
الدوله : بعيييييييييييييييييييييييييييييد
العمل/الترفيه : القراءه والاطلاع على كل جديد
المزاج : متقلب المزاج
نقاط : 18850
تاريخ التسجيل : 16/04/2010
: :قائمة الأوسمة : :
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مُساهمةموضوع: Antibiotics   Antibiotics Icon_minitimeالأحد مايو 09, 2010 4:47 am








Antibiotics

Antibiotics Introduction

Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in
modern medicine. Antibiotics cure disease by killing or injuring
bacteria. The first antibiotic was penicillin, discovered accidentally
from a mold culture. Today, over 100 different antibiotics are available
to doctors to cure minor discomforts as well as life-threatening
infections.

Although antibiotics are useful in a wide variety of infections, it is
important to realize that antibiotics only treat bacterial infections.
Antibiotics are useless against viral infections and fungal infections
(such as ringworm). Your doctor can best determine if an antibiotic is
right for your condition.

Types of Antibiotics
Although there are well over 100 antibiotics, the majority come from
only a few types of drugs. These are the main classes of antibiotics.



Penicillins such as penicillin and amoxicillin


Cephalosporins such as cephalexin (Keflex)


Macrolides such as erythromycin (E-Mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), and
azithromycin (Zithromax)


Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin),
and ofloxacin (Floxin)


Sulfonamides such as co-trimoxazole (Bactrim) and trimethoprim
(Proloprim)


Tetracyclines such as tetracycline (Sumycin, Panmycin) and doxycycline
(Vibramycin)


Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin (Garamycin) and tobramycin (Tobrex)
Most antibiotics have 2 names, the trade or brand name, created by the
drug company that manufactures the drug, and a generic name, based on
the antibiotic's chemical structure or chemical class. Trade names such
as Keflex and Zithromax are capitalized. Generics such as cephalexin and
azithromycin are not capitalized.

Each antibiotic is effective only for certain types of infections, and
your doctor is best able to compare your needs with the available
medicines. Also, a person may have allergies that eliminate a class of
antibiotic from consideration, such as a penicillin allergy preventing
your doctor from prescribing amoxicillin.

In most cases of antibiotic use, a doctor must choose an antibiotic
based on the most likely cause of the infection. For example, if you
have an earache, the doctor knows what kinds of bacteria cause most ear
infections. He or she will choose the antibiotic that best combats those
kinds of bacteria. In another example, a few bacteria cause about 90%
of pneumonias in previously healthy people. If you are diagnosed with
pneumonia, the doctor will choose an antibiotic that will kill these
bacteria.

Other factors may be considered when choosing an antibiotic. Medication
cost, dosing schedule, and common side effects are often taken into
account. Patterns of infection in your community may be considered also.

In some cases, laboratories may help a doctor make an antibiotic choice.
Special techniques such as Gram stains may help narrow down which
species of bacteria is causing your infection. Certain bacterial species
will take a stain, and others will not. Cultures may also be obtained.
In this technique, a bacterial sample from your infection is allowed to
grow in a laboratory. The way bacteria grow or what they look like when
they grow can help to identify the bacterial species. Cultures may also
be tested to determine antibiotic sensitivities. A sensitivity list is
the roster of antibiotics that kill a particular bacterial type. This
list can be used to double check that you are taking the right
antibiotic.

Only your doctor can choose the best class and the best antibiotic from
that class for your individual needs.

Taking Your Medicine

It is important to learn how to take antibiotics correctly. Read the
label to see how many pills to take and how often to take your medicine.
Also, ask your pharmacist if there is anything you should know about
the medication.

An important question to ask is how the medication should be taken. Some
medications need to be taken with something in your stomach such as a
glass of milk or a few crackers, and others only with water. Taking your
antibiotics incorrectly may affect their absorption, reducing or
eliminating their effectiveness.

It is also important to store your medication correctly. Many children's
antibiotics need to be refrigerated (amoxicillin), while others are
best left at room temperature (Biaxin).

Take your entire course of antibiotics. Even though you may feel better
before your medicine is entirely gone, follow through and take the
entire course. This is important for your healing. If an antibiotic is
stopped in midcourse, the bacteria may be partially treated and not
completely killed, causing the bacteria to be resistant to the
antibiotic. This can cause a serious problem if those now-resistant
bacteria grow enough to cause a reinfection.

Side Effects

Antibiotics may have side effects. Some of the more common side effects
may include:


Soft stools or diarrhea


Mild stomach upset


You should notify your doctor if you have any of the following side
effects:


Vomiting


Severe watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps


Allergic reaction (shortness of breath, hives, swelling of your lips,
face, or tongue, fainting)


Vaginal itching or discharge


White patches on your tongue
Allergy
Some people are allergic to certain types of antibiotics, most commonly
penicillin. If you have a question about a potential allergy, ask your
doctor or pharmacist before taking the medicine.

Allergic reactions commonly have the following symptoms:

Shortness of breath

Hives

Itching

Swelling of your lips, face, or tongue

Fainting


Interactions
Antibiotics may have interactions with other prescription and
nonprescription medications. For example, Biaxin (an antibiotic) should
not be taken with Reglan (a digestive system drug).

Be sure your doctor and pharmacist know about all the other medications
you'll be taking while on your antibiotics.


Current Issues in Medicine and Antibiotics
One of the foremost concerns in modern medicine is antibiotic
resistance. Simply put, if an antibiotic is used long enough, bacteria
will emerge that cannot be killed by that antibiotic. This is known as
antibiotic resistance. Infections exist today that are caused by
bacteria resistant to some antibiotics. The existence of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria creates the danger of life-threatening
infections that don't respond to antibiotics.

There are several reasons for the development of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria. One of the most important is antibiotic overuse. This includes
the common practice of prescribing antibiotics for the common cold or
flu. Even though antibiotics do not affect viruses, many people expect
to get a prescription for antibiotics when they visit their doctor.
Although the common cold is uncomfortable, antibiotics do not cure it,
nor change its course. Each person can help reduce the development of
resistant bacteria by not asking for antibiotics for a common cold or
flu.

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Antibiotics
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 مواضيع مماثلة
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» Antibiotics
» Antibiotics and Outpatient Infections
» بحث متكامل عن المضادات الحياتية..Antibiotics
» المضادات الحيوية وسوء استخدامها Misuse of antibiotics
» المضادات الحيوية وسوء استخدامها Misuse of antibiotics

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